A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

to the

NOAA CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE PROGRAM OFFICE

SHIPBOARD MONITORING OF STRATOCUMULUS CLOUD PROPERTIES IN THE PACS REGION

DATE:	5 November 1998

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:	C. W. Fairall and A. S. Frisch

NOAA Environmental Technology

325 Broadway

Boulder, CO 80303

Tel: 303-497-3253	FAX: 303-497-6101

cfairall@etl.noaa.gov

C&GC PROGRAM TOPIC:	Pan American Climate Studies

FY99	FY00	FY01

REQUESTED BUDGET:	123.3 k$	136 k$	92.6 k$

PERIOD OF SUPPORT:	1 May 1999 through 30 April 2002

ENDORSEMENTS:

C. W. Fairall, Environmental Technology Laboratory

A. S. Frisch, Environmental Technology Laboratory

S. F. Clifford, Director, Environmental Technology Laboratory

ABSTRACT

Shipboard Monitoring of Stratocumulus Cloud Properties in the PACS Region

NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory

C. W. Fairall (303-497-3253; cfairall@etl.noaa.gov)

A. S. Frisch (303-497-6209;afrisch@etl.noaa.gov)

Total Proposed Cost: $351,900 Proposed Period: 1 May 1999-30 April 2002

Radiative surface cooling associated with subtropical stratocumulus clouds and turbulent interfacial fluxes associated with stratocumulus boundary-layer dynamics are primary factors in producing the observed sea surface temperature structure of the Eastern Pacific. However, these cloud systems are notoriously difficult to properly simulate in GCMs. Boundary-layer structure, cloud optical properties, surface radiative fluxes, and cloudtop height are all directly dependent on the balance of fluxes at the bottom (surface) and top (entrainment) of the boundary layer Whilst marine stratocumulus clouds have been heavily studied in the past, almost no data exists on clouds or air-sea fluxes in the PACS region. NOAA is now developing plans for an intensive field program (called EPIC) at some time in the future. More hard information of stratocumulus basic properties is required, both for planning of the EPIC program and for interpretation of the context of the short period of study.

We propose a an enhanced monitoring program to supplement the measurements made on the NOAA ships (R/V's Kai'imi Moana and Ron Brown) servicing the TAO buoys in the PACS region. The field program will be built around regularly scheduled service visits to the 95 W and, possibly, the 110 W buoy lines. The 95W line is in the main stratocumulus belt and the 110W line as at the western edge. An instrument package will be developed that can be quickly installed on either ship. The instruments will consist of a cloud ceilometer and an automated air- sea flux package including a sonic anemometer, a pair of pyranometers, a pair of pyrgeometers, slow air temperature and humidity sensors, and a ship-motion package for direct turbulent flux corrections. This set of instruments will allow computation of low cloud statistics (cloud base height and fraction) and the complete surface energy budget of the oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers. The cloud statistics by themselves will be of interest to cloud modelers and for improving satellite retrieval methods. When combined with measurements of downward longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes, they will allow computation of the surface cloud radiative forcing, a key diagnostic variable in climate models. We propose an initial 3-year study and we anticipate approximately two one-month deployments per year.

Interpretation of the link between cloud physical thickness and cloud radiative forcing requires information on the cloud microphysics (droplet size, number, total liquid water content). This link can be approximated from boundary layer thermodynamics properties using the adiabatic assumption. However, an unambiguous determination can be made using the ETL K -
band Doppler cloud radar in combination with the ETL microwave radiometer using techniques developed in the ASTEX program. Thus, we offer an option to deploy the radar/radiometer seatainer package on one cruise in the 3-year monitoring study. This would provide the 'calibration' of the adiabatic scaling that would significantly add to the value of our basic data.

1. Results from Prior NOAA/NSF C&GC Support for Chris Fairall (TOGA/COARE )

NSF award #	: OCE-8816502

Amount	: $178,979

Period	: 4/1/89 - 2/31/91

Title	: A field study of the air-sea fluxes and transfer coefficients in the equatorial Pacific	during the COARE Pilot cruise

NOAA award	: Climate Global Change Program

Amount	: $436,000

Period	: 10/1/90 - 9/31/93

Title	: Air-sea flux studies during TOGA/COARE

NOAA award	: Climate Global Change Program

Amount	: $352,000

Period	: 10/1/93 - 9/31/96

Title	: Air-sea flux and PBL studies during TOGA/COARE

The goal of this work was to improve air-sea flux parameterizations in GCM's and other numerical models by accounting for horizontal subgrid scale variability, vertical structure in the boundary layer, and by advancing air-sea flux measurement technology. The approach involves the development of shipboard flux measurement technology and shipboard remote sensing systems for monitoring boundary layer structure. Data gathered in the field programs was then used for investigation of the theory and parameterization of air-sea fluxes and MBL structure. Specific work accomplished over the seven years of this project includes: (1) participation in the TOGA/COARE Pilot cruise and analysis of the flux data set, (2) development of a complete seagoing flux measurement system, (3) development (in cooperation with NCAR and NOAA Aeronomy Lab) of a seagoing wind profiler system, (4) field test of these systems in the Topical Instability Wave Experiment (TIWE), (5) full deployment of these systems on three microstructure cruises in the TOGA/COARE IOP period and submission of the processed data to the COARE archive (6) development of a new parameterization of air-sea fluxes including the additional flux from boundary-layer wind intermittency and the contribution of sensible heat carried by rain, (7) development of scaling models for the cool-skin and warm-layer effects on the sea surface interfacial temperature, (8) examination of the mean surface-layer structure scenarios associated with deep convective events, and (9) development of a new conceptual theory of free convection. Investigations of the role of diurnal variations of sea surface temperature in modifying the surface fluxes and bulk cloud-radiative relationships are ongoing.

Partial List of refereed publications from this work

Young, G. S., D. R. Ledvina, and C. W. Fairall, 1992: Influence of precipitating convection on the surface energy budget observed during a Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere pilot cruise in the tropical Western Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9595-9603.

Ledvina, D. R., G. S. Young, and C. W. Fairall, 1993: The effect of averaging on bulk estimates of heat and momentum fluxes for the tropical Western Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20211-20217.

Chertock, B., C. W. Fairall, and A. B. White, 1993: Surface-based measurements and satellite retrievals of broken cloud properties in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18489-18500.

Gosnell, R., C. W. Fairall, and P. W. Webster, 1995: The sensible heat flux of rainfall in the tropical ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18437-18442.

White, A. B, C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1995: Surface-based remote sensing of marine boundary- layer clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2827-2838.

Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. S. Godfrey, G. A. Wick, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Cool skin and warm layer effects on sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295-1308.

Smith, S. D., C. W. Fairall, G. L. Geernaert, and L. Hasse, 1996: Air-sea fluxes: 25 years of progress. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 78, pp43.

Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3764.

White, A. B, C. W. Fairall, A. S. Frisch, B. W. Orr, and J. B. Snider, 1996: Recent measurements of turbulence and microphysical parameters in marine boundary layer clouds. Atmos. Res., 40, 177-121.

Fairall, C. W., A. B. White, J. B. Edson, and J. E. Hare, 1996: Integrated shipboard measurements of the marine boundary layer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 14, 338-359.

Clayson, C. A., C. W. Fairall, J. A. Curry, 1996: Evaluation of turbulent fluxes at the ocean surface using surface renewal theory. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28503-28513.

Grachev, A. A., and C. W. Fairall, 1996: Dependence of the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter on the bulk richardson number for unstable conditions over the ocean. J. Appl. Met., 36, 406-414.

Grachev, A. A., C. W. Fairall, and S. S. Zilitinkevich, 1996: Limit of the validity of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory under free convection conditions. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 83, 423-439.

Fairall, C. W., O. P. G. Persson, R. E. Payne, and E. F. Bradley, 1998: A new look at calibration and use of Eppley precision infrared radiometers. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 15, 1230-1243.

2. Statement of Work

2.1	Statement of the Problem

Atmospheric response to the accumulation of greenhouse gases represents one of the most important problems in global environment. The representation of clouds and their interactions with the Earth's radiation field are a major source of uncertainty (Cess et al. 1988; Browning 1994) in efforts to predict climate change through General Circulation Models (GCMs). Since oceans occupy roughly 70% of the surface of the earth, marine clouds are dominant contributors to the global radiation balance. However, marine clouds are dynamically, structurally, and microphysically distinct from continental clouds; thus, they present a host of new scientific problems. Marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds strongly influence global climate because their high albedos (compared with the ocean background) give rise to large deficits in absorbed solar radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere, while their low altitude prevents significant compensation in thermal emission (Randall et al. 1984). Furthermore, their radiative properties are still poorly understood. For example, consider the recent debate about possible cloud radiative absorption being significantly greater than represented by present models (Cess et al. 1995; Chou et al. 1995; Evans et al. 1995; Ramanathan et al. 1995). This issue is particularly critical in the tropics where clouds are thick and the solar flux is highest.

Coupled ocean-atmosphere processes in the PACS region are significantly influenced by marine stratocumulus clouds and coupled model studies show that the radiative effects of stratus clouds are essential in producing the observed equatorial cold tongue sea surface temperature structure (Philander et al. 1996; Li and Philander, 1996; Delecluse et al. 1998). This includes the classical subtropical stratocumulus regimes off California (NE Pacific) and Peru (SE Pacific) and equatorial stratocumulus occurring in the region of strong N-S sea surface temperature gradient around 85-110 deg. Longitude (Bond, 1992; Deser et al. 1993). Stratocumulus clouds still present great difficulty for GCM's which must attempt to capture complex physical processes with crude spatial resolution. These "subgrid scale processes" must be highly parameterized in GCMs. For example, the most sophisticated GCM radiation computations use, or are based on, two-stream algorithms (e.g., Slingo, 1989) which assume that clouds distributed in a single grid cell are horizontally homogeneous (or that the radiative properties can be characterized solely by the mean liquid water profile on 100 km scales).

In recent years high-resolution MBL models such as Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and Cloud Resolving Models (CRM) have shown considerable success (e.g., Krueger et al. 1995) in generating realistic subtropical stratocumulus cloud fields and simulating their life cycle from low stratus to trade cumulus clouds. While there are still a number of small-scale issues confronting high-resolution models, most notably the entrainment rate (Moeng et al. 1996), their representation of stratocumulus clouds in the regions that have been heavily studied to date (e.g., NE Pacific and NE Atlantic) is far superior to the typical GCM. Based on this, it is has been concluded in the PACS science plan and the science plan for the PACS Equatorial Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC - Weller, 1998) processes that

'Near-future PACS monitoring and process-oriented field work should not attempt to "solve" the stratocumulus problem, but should focus on demonstrating that the essentially unstudied regions in the PACS domain (i.e., the equatorial and Peruvian regimes) can be handled as effectively by our present understanding and models'.

EPIC has thus articulated an observational strategy for a PACS stratocumulus study based on three simple hypotheses:

1. High-resolutions MBL models developed on California/Azorian stratocumulus are equally usable on equatorial and Peruvian stratocumulus.

2. Bulk parameterizations of radiative transfer properties (i.e., solar optical thickness, , and longwave emissivity, , versus integrated liquid water content, W, and droplet or CCN number density, N) that have been developed on NE Pacific and NE Atlantic stratocumulus (e.g., White et al. 1995; Gultepe et al. 1996; Dong et al. 1997) are applicable to equatorial and Peruvian stratocumulus.

3. The stratocumulus cloud deck and cool SST underneath mutually reinforce each other through coupled fluxes.

The EPIC observational strategy involves a combination of limited and comprehensive process studies, coupled with other oceanographic and meteorological studies of the equatorial region. Important information relevant to all three hypotheses can be obtained with modest, but spatially and temporally extensive, monitoring studies.

2.2	Scientific Objectives

In this proposal we outline a plan for a modest ship-based stratocumulus measurement program to obtain statistics on key surface, MBL, and low-cloud macrophysical, microphysical, and radiative properties relevant to the three hypotheses . We propose to place a suite of instruments twice a year on the NOAA ships servicing the TAO buoys at 95W (and possibly 110W); details are given in section 2.3. These buoy lines lie within the equatorial and the Peruvian stratocumulus zones (Weller, 1998). The stratocumulus coverage in the Peruvian sector is about 70% in the fall and 50% in the spring (Klein and Hartmann, 1993). The basic goal of these measurements is to acquire sufficient data to compare Peruvian/Equatorial stratocumulus to the more extensively studied regions discussed above; this will allow us to evaluate the validity of the second hypothesis (which emphasizes radiative properties of clouds) and will provide important, but probably not definitive, information on the other two hypotheses. Because stratocumulus properties are closely linked to MBL properties and surface fluxes, we must obtain information on those properties also.

There are two stages to typical cloud radiative transfer parameterizations used in GCMs: (1) representation of given a value for W, (2) input for computation of cloud optical properties (albedo, transmission, absorption) using a parameterized form of a radiative transfer code. Chertock et al. (1993) used ship-based remote sensor data taken on the equator at 140W latitude during the Tropical Instability Wave Experiment (TIWE) to estimate and W to address one key question: What is the relationship of integrated cloud liquid water to cloud albedo and solar flux at the earth's surface in the broken cloud regime of the equatorial Pacific? Their discussion concerning the relationship between optical depth and integrated cloud liquid water illustrated some of the conceptual difficulties involved in dealing with radiative properties of broken clouds, that is, correctly identifying and separating the various physical effects. To organize their thinking on this issue, they examined the problem from a modeling perspective. Four model levels were discussed, increasing in complexity from model 1, which assumes the plane-parallel cloud case, to model 4, which contains parameterizations of , the zenith angle dependence of the effective cloud fraction, and , the cloud albedo efficiency. They used model 4 to explain the relationships between and W found in the TIWE ship-based record, and they assert that the level of sophistication found in model 4 is the minimum necessary to adequately characterize the radiative effects of broken clouds. Solid stratocumulus clouds have cloud fraction 1.0 (by definition of 'solid'), but internal cloud structure will still affect the radiative properties (Cahalan et al. 1994 and 1995). On GCM grid scales, most grid points with stratocumulus will have mean cloud fractions significantly less than 1.0. Thus, it is important to draw a distinction between the properties of the clouds in the cloudy part of the grid box and the grid-box averaged properties of the radiative transfer.

Values for W in stratocumulus are determined by macrophysical properties (cloud thickness) and the turbulent mixing in the MBL. The adiabatic value for W is an upper limit (Albrecht et al. 1990) that occurs for a well-mixed MBL; lower values occur when MBL mixing is weaker and much lower values occur under MBL decoupling (Albrecht et al. 1990; Miller et al. 1998). Deviations from adiabatic W are also affected by drizzle (Albrecht, 1993;Wang et al. 1993) although there is controversy about the actual importance (Pincus et al. 1997). Note that the adiabatic value can be computed from cloud thickness, MBL water vapor concentration, and MBL temperature but the actual value of W must be measured. In ASTEX continuous measurements of W were obtained with the ETL microwave radiometer system ( Snider and Hazen, 1998).

The optical thickness of the cloud is a function of W and various microphysical processes (see Fairall et al. 1990 for a discussion), often characterized through the size (or effective radius, re) of the cloud droplets (Gultepe et al. 1996). Through simple scaling arguments,

= 3 W/(2 re)	(1)

Effective radius profiles in stratocumulus clouds can be measured from the ship using Doppler a radar with sufficiently short wavelength (Clothiaux et al. 1995; Frisch et al. 1995, 1998).

Radiative effects are only a part of the coupled nature of this system. The SST is partly driven by the net radiative flux input to the ocean which is coupled to MBL turbulent and drizzle properties that influence cloud optical properties; the turbulent properties themselves are influenced by the MBL surface fluxes which link back to SST. Thus, we must consider MBL dynamics to get the correct value for W, cloud microphysics to get the correct value for , and radiative transfer to get the correct values of cloud albedo, transmission, and absorption. Furthermore, from a GCM point of view, it is necessary to MBL cloud state correct to get the correct values for the surface fluxes.

Obviously, we cannot completely elucidate such a spectrum of complicated processes with our modest monitoring effort. Rather, our goal is to a good sample of most of the relevant bulk variables that are commonly used in GCM parameterizations dealing with these problems. These will then be compared to known relationships in other well-studied regimes. While not comprehensive, this data will still be useful for MBL/cloud modelers (both statistically and for specific simulations) and to improve satellite retrieval methods for deducing MBL and cloud properties on larger spatial and temporal scales (e..g, Minnis et al. 1992).

To summarize, our objectives are to

*Obtain new measurements of surface, cloud, and MBL statistics for simple comparison to existing data on northern hemisphere stratocumulus systems.

*Obtain quantitative information on cloud droplet sizes plus properties and probability of occurrence of drizzle and possible links to deviations from adiabatic values for W.

*Examine applicability of existing bulk parameterizations of stratocumulus radiative properties for the Peruvian/Equatorial regime.

*Obtain basic data characterization of surface cloud forcing and possible ocean-atmosphere coupling through stratocumulus-SST interactions.

*Provide periodic higher quality, more accurate near-surface data for intercomparison with ship- based IMET and buoy-based meteorological measurements.

*Provide high quality measurements of basic surface, MBL and cloud parameters for 'calibration' of satellite retrieval techniques.

2.3	Methodology

Our plan is to investigate cloud structure, microphysics and radiation, and the relationship between small- (temporal and spatial) scale quantities and the large-scale parameterization of their effects. The basic methodology will follow techniques developed originally using surface- based remote sensors in the First ISSCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) performed at San Nicolas Island (Fairall et al. 1990). In Fig. 1 we show the measured relationship between and W from this experiment, along with two examples of parameterizations. The analysis will be similar in scope to the investigation previously completed from shipboard in TIWE (Chertock et al. 1993) and later applied in a later ship-based study in the FIRE Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) by White et al. (1995). Further details are given in Fairall et al. (1997). Chertock et al. (1993) used a collection of shipboard measurements that provided the first comprehensive documentation of the convective boundary layer at the western edge of the PACS region. Fundamental cloud-related properties were monitored for 21 days on site at the equator and 140°W. For example, the average cloud fraction observed by the lidar ceilometer during the TIWE period was 0.26 (see Fig. 2) in contrast to a value of 0.95 found in a three week period at San Nicolas Island (Fairall et al. 1990). Pyranometer data were used to estimate the transmission coefficient, which in turn was used as input to the algorithm of Stephens (1978) and Stephens et al. (1984) to obtain albedo and optical depth (see Fairall et al. 1990). While a ceilometer gives measurement of cloudbase height, a clear-air radar can be used to determine the MBL depth, which is synonymous with stratocumulus cloudtop height. Exploiting the coupled deployment of the 915-MHz radar to deduce cloud-top height and the lidar ceilometer for cloud- base height, Chertock et al. (1993) deduced the first time series of cloud depth for this region. From these estimates of cloud depth and shipboard measurements of humidity, they obtained values of integrated liquid water using a parameterization based on a moist adiabatic assumption.	White et al. (1995) applied the same methods in the stratocumulus transition regime during ASTEX, where the mean cloud fraction was 0.50. An example of their surface-based remote sensing measurements for an overcast period during ASTEX is given in Fig. 3. They found that, for a given value of W, the California San Nicolas Island clouds had twice the optical thickness of the TIWE and ASTEX clouds. They attributed this difference to smaller effective radii caused by higher cloud condensation nuclei (aerosol) concentrations in the California coastal region, but simultaneous measurements of cloud droplet concentrations were not available to verify this hypothesis. While this question could have been answered by the ETL K -band Doppler cloud radar, this system was considered too large and bulky to deploy on a research vessel. However, during ASTEX this system was operated on Porto Santo Island and techniques were developed to deduce cloud microphysical properties (including droplet radius profiles) from combined radar and microwave radiometer data (Frisch et al. 1995). An example is given in Fig. 4. Recently, ETL has developed a miniaturized version of the cloud radar (Moran et al. 1998) that is being integrated into a seatainer with the ETL microwave radiometer. This system will be deployed at sea for the first time in the joint NOAA/DOE Nauru-99 experiment in the tropical western equatorial Pacific (http://www.etl.noaa.gov/nauru99/).

It costs about 80 k$ to deploy the integrated cloud radar and water vapor/liquid cloud radiometer for a single 1-month cruise, which we deem too expensive for a monitoring effort. Therefore, we propose a dual approach to our measurements.

(1) A set of routine monitoring measurements to be done twice a year on the appropriate NOAA ship (see Table 1). These will be high-quality measurements derived from our research system (Fairall et al. 1997), including full motion-corrected turbulent fluxes (Edson et al. 1998)

(2) A single cruise where the cloud radar and water vapor/liquid cloud radiometer is also deployed.

We can use existing methods (Chertock et al. 1993; Dong et al. 1998) to retrieve optical properties ( , re) in terms of adiabatic W with the routine data and measured W with the more comprehensive data. The more comprehensive data will allow us to compare adiabatic vs true liquid water and to infer cloud effective radius independent of a radiative transfer model. Of course, all results can be compared to previous studies in the northern hemisphere.

Specifically, we propose to make measurements to yield the following information:.

*Cloud macrophysical statistics: cloud fraction, base height, top height, physical thickness

*Radiative statistics: cloud transmission coefficient, cloud optical thickness, surface cloud radiative forcing (solar and IR)

*MBL statistics: surface fluxes (turbulent, radiative), inversion height, mixed-layer properties

*Simple MBL, cloud/radiative parameterizations: integrated liquid water path (W) vs the theoretical adiabatic value for a well mixed MBL (Wadiabat), cloud optical thickness vs f, W, cloud transmission coefficient and inferred albedo

*Cloud effective radius vs W

Details on the instruments to be used are given in Table 1; items 9-11 will be deployed only once.

Table 1. Instruments and measurements for proposed ship-based cloud/MBL monitoring.
Item	System	Measurement
1	Motion/navigation package	Motion correction for turbulence
2	Sonic anemometer/thermometer	Direct covariance turbulent fluxes
3	Mean SST, air temperature/RH	Bulk turbulent fluxes
4	Pyranometer	Downward solar radiative flux
5	Pyrgeometer	Downward IR radiative flux
6	Ceilometer	Cloud-base height
7	0.92 or 3 GHz Doppler radar profiler	Cloud-top height, MBL microturbulence
8	Rawinsonde	MBL wind, temperature, humidity prof.
9	35 GHz Doppler cloud radar	Cloud microphysical properties
10	20, 31, 90 GHz wave radiometer	Integrated cloud liquid water
11	Upward pointed IR thermometer	Cloud-base radiative temperature

2.4	Work Summary

Year-1

*Order components and construct automated flux system

*Order ceilometer

*Order data acquisition computers, modify existing software for specific system

*Field test system (time permitting) on Nauru-99 cruise

*Deploy basic monitoring system on R/V Ron Brown in October buoy servicing cruise to 95 W

Year-2

*Process data from October Year-1 cruise, present results

*Deploy basic monitoring system in spring and fall (schedule/ship TDB)

*Deploy cloud radar/microwave radiometer package on selected cruise

*Process data from spring Year-2 cruise, present results

Year-3

*Deploy basic monitoring system in spring and fall (schedule/ship TDB)

*Process and present results

*Analyze and present final results from 5 cruises.

2.5	References

Albrecht, B. A., C. W. Fairall, D. W. Thomson, A. B. White, and J. B. Snider, 1990: Surface-based remote sensing of the observed and the adiabatic liquid water content of stratocumulus clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 89-92.

Albrecht, B. A., 1993: The effects of drizzle on the thermodynamic structure of the trade wind boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7327-7337.

Bond, N. A., 1992: Observations of planetary boundary-layer structure in the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Clim., 5, 699-706.

Browning, K. A., 1994: Survey of perceived priority issues in the parameterizations of cloud- related processes in GCMs. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 129, 483-487

Deser, C., J. J. Bates, and S. Wahl, 1993: The influence of sea surface temperature gradients on stratiform cloudiness along the equatorial front in the Pacific Ocean. J. Clim., 6, 1172- 1180.

Cahalan, R., W. Ridgway, W. Wiscomb, T. Bell and, J. Snider, 1994: The albedo of fractal stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2434-2455.

Cahalan, R.F., D. Silberstein, and J.B. Snider, 1995: Liquid water path and plane-parallel albedo bias during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3002-3012.

Cess, R. D., M. H. Zhang, P. Minnis, L. Corsetti, E. G. Dutton, B. W. Forgan, D. P. Garber, W. L. Gates, J. J. Hack, E. F. Harrison, X. Jing, J. T. Kiehl, C. N. Long, J.-J. Morecrette, G. L. Potter, V. Ramanathan, B. Subasilar, C. H. Whitlock, D. F. Young, and Y. Zhou, 1995: Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: Observations versus models. Science, 267, 496-
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Chertock, B., C.W. Fairall, and A.B. White, 1993: Surface-based measurements and satellite retrievals of broken cloud properties in the Equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18,489-18,500.

Chou, M.-D., A. Arking, J. Otterman, and W.L. Ridgeway, 1995: The effect of clouds on atmospheric absorption of solar radiation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1885-1888.

Clothiaux, E. E., M. A. Miller, B. A. Albrecht, T.P. Ackerman, J. Verlinde, D. M. Babb, R. M. Peters, and W. J. Syrett, 1995: An evaluation of a 94-GHz radar for remote sensing of cloud properties. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 12, 201-229.

Davidson, K. L., C. W. Fairall, P. Jones Boyle, and G. E. Schacher, 1984: Verifications of an atmospheric mixed-layer model for a coastal regime. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 23, 617-
636.

Delecluse, P., M. K. Davey, Y. Kitamura, S. G. H. Philander, M. Suarez, and L. Bengtsson, 1998: Coupled general circulation modeling of the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14357-14373.

Dong, X., T. P. Ackerman, E. E. Clothiaux, P. Pilewskie, and Y. Han, 1997: Microphysical and radiative properties of boundary layer stratiform clouds deduced from ground-based measurements.. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23829-23843.

Dong, X., T. P. Ackerman, E. E. Clothiaux, 1998: Parameterizations of the microphysical and radiative properties of boundary layer stratus from ground-based measurements. J. Geophys. Res., to appear.

Edson, J. B., J. E. Hare, and C. W. Fairall, 1998: Direct covariance flux estimates from moving platforms at sea. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 15, 547-562.

Evans, W.F.J., C. Reinhart, and E. Purckrin, 1995: A ground-based measurement of the anomalous cloud absorption effect. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2135-2138.

Fairall, C. W., J. E. Hare, and J. B. Snider, 1990: An eight-month sample of marine stratocumulus cloud fraction, albedo, and integrated liquid water. J. Climate, 3, 847-864.

Fairall, C. W., A. B. White, J. B. Edson, and J. E. Hare, 1997: Integrated shipboard measurements of the marine boundary layer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 14, 338-359.

Frisch, A. S., C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1995: On the measurement of stratus cloud and drizzle parameters with a K -band Doppler radar and a microwave radiometer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2788-2799.

Frisch, A. S., G. Feingold, C. W. Fairall, T. Uttal, and J. B. Snider, 1998: On cloud radar and microwave radiometer measurements of stratus cloud liquid water profiles. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 23195-23197.

Gultepe, I., G. A., Issac, W. R. Leaitch, and C. M. Banic, 1996: Parameterizations of marine stratus microphysics based on in situ observations: Implications for GCMs. J. Clim., 9, 345-357.

Klein, S. A., and D. L. Hartmann, 1993: The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. J. Clim., 6, 1587-1606.

Krueger, S. K., G. T. McLean, and Qiang Fu, 1995: Numerical simulation of the stratus-to- cumulus transition in the subtropical marine boundary layer. Part I: Boundary-layer structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2839-2850

Miller, M. A., M. P. Jensen, and E. E. Clothiaux, 1998: Diurnal cloud and thermodynamic variations in the stratocumulus transition regime: A case study using in situ and remote sensors. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2294-2310.

Minnis, P., P. W. Heck, D. F. Young, C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1992: Stratocumulus cloud properties derived from simultaneous satellite and island-based instrumentation during FIRE. J. Appl. Meteor., 31, 317-339.

Moeng, C.-H., W. R. Cotton, C. S. Bretherton, A. Chlond, M. Khairtoutdinov, S. Krueger, W. S. Lewellen, M. K. MacVean, J. R. M. Pasquier, H. A. Rand, A. P. Siebesma, B. Stevens, and R. I,. Sykes, 1996: Simulation of a stratocumulus-topped planetary boundary layer: Intercomparison among different numerical codes. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 77, 261-278.

Moncrieff, M. M., S. K. Krueger, D. Gregory, J.-L. Redelsperger, and W.-K. Tao, 1997: GEWEX cloud system study (GCSS) working group 4: Precipitating convective cloud systems. Bull. Am. Met. Soc, 78, 831-845.

Moran, K, P., B. E. Martner, M. J. Post, R. A. Kropfli, D. C. Welsh, and K. B. Widener, 1998: An unattended cloud-profiling radar for use in climate research. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 79, 443-455.

Philander, S. G. H., D. Gu, D. Halpern, G. Lambert, N.- C. Lau, T. Li, and R. C. Pacanowski 1996: Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator . J. Clim., 9, 2958-2972.

Pincus, R., M. B. Baker, and C. S. Bretherton, 1997: What controls stratocumulus radiative properties? Lagrangian observations of cloud evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2215-2236.

Li, T., and S. G. H. Philander, 1996: On the annual cycle of the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Clim., 9, 2986-2998.

Ramanathan, V., B. Subasilar, G. J. Zhang, W. Conant, R. D. Cess, J. T. Kiehl, H. Grassl, and L. Shi, 1995: Warm pool heat budget and shortwave cloud forcing: A missing physics? Science, 267, 499-503.

Randall, D. A., J. A. Coakley, C. W. Fairall, R. A. Kropfli, and D. H. Lenschow, 1984: Outlook for research on subtropical marine stratiform clouds. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 64, 1290-1301.

Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-14227.

Snider, J. B., and D. A. Hazen, 1998: Surface-based radiometric observations of water vapor and cloud liquid water in the temperature zone and in the tropics. Radio Sci., 33, 421-432.

Stephens, G. L., 1978: Radiation profiles in extended water clouds. II: Parameterization schemes. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2123-2132.

Stephens, G. L., Ackerman, S., and E. A. Smith, A shortwave parameterization revised to improve cloud absorption, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 687-690, 1984.

Wang, S., B. A. Albrecht, and P. Minnis, 1993: A regional simulation of marine boundary-layer clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 4022-4043.

Weller, R. A. (Ed.), 1998: A scientific plan for EPIC: An eastern Pacific investigation of climate processes in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system.http://tao.atmos.washington.edu/pacs/, pp 89.

White, A. B., C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1995: Surface-based remote sensing of marine boundary-layer cloud properties. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2827-2838.

Figure 1. Stratocumulus cloud optical thickness, , deduced from ground-based pyranometer measurements as a function of microwave radiometer measurements of integrated cloud liquid water content, W (Fairall et al. 1990). The solid line is from Stephens (1978) the dashed line from Davidson et al. (1984).

Figure 2. Hourly median cloud fraction for the TIWE experiment; obtained using a lidar ceilometer (Chertock et al. 1993).

Figure 3. Sample time series of stratocumulus cloud properties from shipboard measurements during ASTEX. The upper panel shows the profiler-deduced values of the cloudtop height (* and dashed line) and ceilometer values for the cloudbase height (circle and solid line). The lower panel shows the of microwave radiometer measurements of integrated cloud liquid water content, W (from Fairall et al. 1997).

Figure 4. Vertical profiles of cloud liquid water concentration (upper panel) and cloud droplet size (lower panel) from combined K -band radar and microwave radiometer measurements of integrated cloud liquid water content, W (from Frisch et al. 1995).

3. Budget Details

3.1 Background on Hardware Acquisition

A system will be constructed for direct measurements of air-sea turbulent fluxes, bulk variables, and low-cloud properties. This bulk variable system will be more accurate and the flux system more direct compared to the ship's IMET system. The ETL system will provide regular in situ calibration checks for the IMET and the IMET system will provide "backup" data for the ETL system.

The ETL system design is based on past experience with the ETL seagoing research grade system and a multi-level flux system which operated successfully for 1 year (October 1997- October 1998) on the arctic icecap for the SHEBA program. The system will be designed for more automated operation and ease of transport and installation. Some costs will be saved by using an existing ship-motion measuring package (25 k$) and some existing components (1 ATI sonic anemometer, 1 Campbell datalogger, 1 GPS, and 1 Northseeker) will be carried as spares. Other components must be acquired for this work.

Year-1 Equipment budget (k$)

Item	Number	Description	Ea.	Total.

1	1	ATI Sonic Anemometer/thermometers	14	14

2	2	Fast PC data acquisition computers	4	8

3	2	Vaisala HMP235 T/RH sensors	2	4

4	2	RM Young aspirators	0.65	1.3

5	1	Campbell CR-21 datalogger	2	2

6	1	GPS receiver	1	1

7	1	Northseeker	0.7	0.7

8	1	Vaisala CT-25K cloud ceilometer	27	27

9	2	Eppley PSP pyranometers	2	4

10	2	Eppley PIR pyrgeometers	2.5	5

Total	67

Year-2 Equipment budget (k$)

1	1	Amortization cloud radar transmitter tube life	10	10

3.2 Deployment/Cost scenarios

Several issues affect the total cost of the proposed research. The basic components of the routine measurements are: (1) flux system, (2) ceilometer, (3) rawinsondes, (4) Doppler profiling radar. Items (1) and (2) are being acquired under this budget as are the necessary shipping costs. The Ron Brown has systems on board to provide (3) and (4). However at this writing, the Kai'imi Moana does not have either (3) or (4). Thus, deployments on the Kai'imi Moana will require a strategy to provide additional systems which will involve extra costs. NOAA just removed the ASAP van from Kai'imi Moana to free up valuable deck space. However, the system itself could be used without using the van. The electronics could be placed in a lab and the sondes launched by hand from the deck (the method employed successfully in TOGA COARE). Rather than install a 915 Mhz wind profiler, we suggest using an ETL S-band vertical-beam Doppler radar. This has a single 8-ft dish, but will provide the information necessary to identify cloud top heights. The dish can be mounted on top a seatainer or some other convenient place. This system has a very narrow beam and is less susceptible to sea clutter problems, compared to the 915 system. Thus, use of the Kai'imi Moana will require additional shipping costs for the sonde system (about 1 k$/year) and the S-band radar. Because it is so expensive to ship an 8-ft dish, it is actually cheaper to buy a dish (18 k$) and leave it in Hawaii than to ship it from Boulder to Hawaii three times (nearly 25 k$). This implies two possible strategies for doing these measurements:

Scenario #1: Perform two cruises a year (one on 95 E buoy line and one on 110 E buoy line) aboard the R/V Ron Brown. Minimize shipping costs. This scenario is costed in section 3.3.

Scenario #2. Perform one cruise per year (at 95 E) aboard the Ron Brown and one cruise per year (at 95 E) aboard the Kai'imi Moana. This scenario will cost the same as #1 plus 18 k$ for an S-band antenna and 1 k$/year for shipping. The total cost difference is 21 k$.

A second issue concerns the one-time deployment of the ETL Doppler cloud radar (35 GHz) and microwave radiometer integrated water vapor/liquid sensing system. These instruments, which are integrated in a single seatainer, would provide invaluable information for the interpretation of the data obtained from the routine instruments. The total cost for a single 30-day deployment is 83 k$; a breakdown of costs is indicated by the bold numbers in section 3.3. This option is included in scenario #1.

3.3 Budget Estimates

BUDGET ESTIMATE (k$)

Scenario #1: Ron Brown Only

Year-1	Year-2	Year-3

Salaries (includes overhead and benefits)

C. W. Fairall, PI (2 mo.)	NC	NC	NC

A. S Frisch, cloud radar (3 mo, 00; 2 mo 01.)	-	25*	18

J. E. Hare, fluxes (2 mo.)	15.3	16	15.3

A. B. White, cloud analyst (2 mo.)	-	16	19.3

Engineer/Tech. (1 mo)	8	8	8

Total salaries	23.3	65	60.6

Equipment

Flux system	40

Ceilometer	27

Cloud radar amortization (expenable)	10

Total equipment	67	10	0

Travel

Field programs	10	10	10

Field program, cloud radar	5

Planning/conferences	4	4	4

Total travel	14	19	14

Supplies

Regular	5	5	5

Cloud radar	5

Total supplies	5	10	5

Publications	1	2	3

Shipping

Regular	10	10	10

Cloud radar	20

Total shipping	10	30	10

Shop charges	3

Total	123.3	136	92.6

*bold amounts associated with cloud radar/microwave radiometer deployment

4. Abbreviated Vita

4.1	CHRISTOPHER W. FAIRALL

Dr. Christopher Fairall received his Ph.D. in Physics from Michigan State University in 1970. He then received an NRC Postdoc at the Department of Physics at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. In 1976 he began working in atmospheric physics while an Adjunct Professor of Physics at NPS. In 1983 he joined the Department of Meteorology at the Pennsylvania State University, receiving tenure in 1988. In 1989 he joined the Meteorological Applications and Assessments division at the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory in Boulder CO.

Dr. Fairall currently serves as a member of the Science teams for the NASA First ISSCP Regional Experiment (FIRE-III), the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program, the NOAA CGCP Ocean Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Studies (OACES), and the NSF Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) program. He is also member of the SHEBA science steering committee, the ARM Science Team Executive Committee, and is chairman of the ARM Tropical Western Pacific Science Advisory Committee. Past service includes: chairman of the AMS Committee on Boundary Layers and Turbulence (1987-1990), member of the AMS Committee on Meteorology and Oceanography of the Coastal Zone, the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Coastal Meteorology (1990-1993), the NSF Coastal Ocean Processes (CoOP) advisory committee (1991-1994), the NSF/NOAA TOGA COARE Science Team (1988-1998), and Associate Editor of the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (1991- 1994).

Dr. Fairall's current research includes air-sea-ice interactions, boundary-layer processes, clouds, optical/radio propagation in the atmosphere, and instrumentation/measurement techniques. He is the author/coauthor of more than 85 refereed publications in more than 20 different journals. His paper "Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for TOGA COARE" (Fairall et al. JGR, 1996) received a NOAA outstanding publication award in 1997. He has presented invited papers at international symposia in France, Japan, Australia, and the US and has been invited to present short courses in Australia and Denmark. He has been invited to write review papers on such diverse subjects as sea spray effects on hurricanes, radar observations of clouds and turbulence, and the progress on air-sea interaction in the last 25 years.

Dr. Fairall has been an active leader in various aspects of NOAA research activities. He played a key role in the TOGA COARE experiment and was a leader of the COARE Flux Working Group. This work has led to greatly improved accuracy of air-sea fluxes by the NOAA TAO buoy array in the equatorial Pacific. He worked with the NOAA AL in the early stages of application of remote sensors to air quality investigations in the NARE and SOS experiments; this has led their expanded use in the NOAA Health of the Atmosphere program. He has recently helped form a consortium of four NOAA labs (PMEL, CMDL, AOML, and ETL) in a new program to advance parameterizations of air-sea exchange of CO2 .

FIVE RELEVANT PUBLICATIONS

Fairall, C. W., J. E. Hare, and J. B. Snider, 1990: An eight-month sample of marine stratocumulus cloud fraction, albedo, and integrated liquid water. J. Climate, 3, 847-864.

Fairall, C. W., 1991: The humidity/temperature sensitivity of clear-air radars in the convective boundary layer. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 1064-1074.

Chertock, B., C. W. Fairall, and A. B. White, 1993: Surface-based measurements and satellite retrievals of broken cloud properties in the equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18,489-18,500.

Frisch, A. S., C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1995. On the measurements of stratus cloud and drizzle parameters with a K-band Doppler radar and microwave radiometer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2788-
2799.

White, A. B., C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1995: Surface-based remote sensing of marine boundary layer cloud properties. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2827-2838.

PUBLICATIONS IN THE LAST THREE YEARS

White, A. B., C W. Fairall, A. S. Frisch, B. W. Orr, and J. B. Snider, 1996: Recent measurements of turbulence and microphysical parameters in marine boundary layer clouds. Atmos. Res., 40, 177-221.

Fairall, C.W., E.F. Bradley, D.P. Rogers, J.B. Edson, and G.S. Young, 1996: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for TOGA COARE. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3764.

Fairall, C. W., A.B. White, J. B. Edson, and J. E. Hare, 1996: Integrated shipboard measurements of the marine boundary layer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 14, 338-359.

Fairall, E.F. Bradley, J.S. Godfrey, J.B. Edson, G.S. Young, and G.A. Wick, 1996: Cool skin and warm layer effects on the sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295-1308.

Clayson, C.A., J.A. Curry, and C.W. Fairall, 1996: Evaluation of turbulent fluxes at the ocean surface using surface renewal theory. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28503-28513.

Smith, S. D., C. W. Fairall, G. L. Geernaert, and L. Hasse, 1996: Air-sea fluxes: 25 years of progress. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 78, 247-290.

Pinto, J.O., J.A. Curry, and C.W. Fairall, 1997: Radiative and microphysical properties of low-level Arctic clouds from ground-based measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6941-6952.

Grachev, A.A., and C.W. Fairall, 1997: Dependence of the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter on the bulk Richardson number for unstable conditions over the ocean. J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 406-414.

Grachev, A.A., C.W. Fairall, and S. S. Zilitinkevich, 1997: Surface-layer scaling for the convection-
induced stress regime. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 83, 423-439.

Persson, P. O. G., D. Ruffieux, and C. W. Fairall, 1997: Recalculations of pack ice and lead surface energy budgets during the Arctic Leads Experiment (LEADEX) 1992. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25085-25089.

Post, M. J., C. W. Fairall, J. B. Snider, Y. Han, A. B. White, W. L. Ecklund, K. M. Weickmann, P. K. Quinn, D. I. Cooper, S. M. Sekelsky, R. E. McIntosh, P. Minnett, and R. O. Knuteson, 1997: The Combined Sensor Program: An air-sea science mission in the central and western Pacific Ocean. Bull. Am. Met. Soc., 78, 2797-2815.

Walsh, E. J., D. E. Hagan, D. P. Rogers, R. A. Weller, C. W. Fairall, C. A. Friehe, S. P. Burns, D. Khelif, D. C. Vandemark, R. N. Swift, and J. F. Scott, 1998: Observations of sea surface mean square slope under light wind during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 12603-12613.

Walsh, E. J., R. Pinkel, D. E. Hagan, R. A. Weller, C. W. Fairall, D. P. Rogers, S. P. Burns, and M. Baumgartner, 1998: Coupling of internal waves on the main thermocline o the diurnal surface layer and sea surface temperature during the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 103 ,12613-12628.

Westwater, E. R., Y. Han, V. G. Irisov, V. Y. Leuskiy, Y. G. Trokhimovski, and C. W. Fairall, 1997: Sea-air and boundary layer temperatures measured by a scanning 60 GHz radiometer: Recent results. Radio Science, 33, 291-302.

Edson, J.B., A. A. Hinton, K. E. Prada, J.E. Hare, and C.W. Fairall, 1997: Direct covariance flux estimates from moving platforms at sea. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 15, 547-562.

Grachev, A. A., C. W. Fairall, and S. E. Larsen, 1998: On the determination of the neutral drag coefficient in the convective boundary layer. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 86, 257-278.

Edson, J. B. and C. W. Fairall, 1998: Similarity relationships in the marine atmospheric surface layer for terms in the TKE and scalar variance budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2311-2338.

Fairall, C. W., O.P.G. Persson, R. E. Payne, and E. F. Bradley, 1998: A new look at calibration and use of Eppley precision infrared radiometers. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 15, 1230-1243.

Grachev, A. A., C. W. Fairall, and E. F. Bradley, 1998: Convective profile constants revisited. Bound.-
Layer Meteorol., to appear.

Palmer, A. J., C. W. Fairall, and R. A. Kropfli, 1999: On the deterministic retrieval of wind stress from sea-surface backscatter. J. Geophys. Res., to appear.

4.2	Alfred. S. Frisch

Education

AB Physics - San Diego State College, San Diego, Calif. 1957

MS Physic - University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 1963

PhD Geophysics - University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 1970

Work Experience

1957-1959 Thermodynamics Engineer- Convair Astronautics San Diego, Calif.

1960-1961 Engineer - Boeing Co. Seattle, Wash.

1961-1963 Research Engineer - EG&G Las Vegas, Nev.

1965-1967 Oceanographer- Applied Physics Lab. Univ. of Wash. Seattle, Wash.

1970 -1994 Senior Physicist- Wave Prop. Lab (ETL) Boulder, Co.

1994- present Research Faculty CIRA -Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Co.

Five Relevant Publications

Kropfli, R. A., S. Y. Matrosov, T. Uttal, B. W. Orr, A. S. Frisch, K. A. Clark, B. W. Bartram, R. F. Reinking, and J. B. Snider. 1995: Cloud physics studies with 8mm wavelength radar. Atmos. Res., 35, 299-313.

Albrecht, B. A., C. S. Bretherton, D. A. Johnson, W. H. Schubert, and A. S. Frisch, 1995. The Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment -ASTEX.. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 76, 889-904.

Frisch, A. S. , D. H. Lenschow, C. W. Fairall, W. H.. Schubert, and J. S. Gibson, 1995: Doppler radar measurements of turbulence in marine stratiform cloud during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 2800-
2808.

Frisch, A. S., C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1995: Measurement of stratus cloud and drizzle parameters in ASTEX with a K - band Doppler radar and microwave radiometer. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2788-
2799.

Frisch, A. S., G. A. Feingold, C. W. Fairall, T. Uttal, and J. B. Snider, 1998. On cloud radar and microwave radiometer measurements of stratus cloud liquid water profiles. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 23195-23197.

Other Publications in the Last Three Years

White, A. B., C. W. Fairall, A. S. Frisch, B. W. Orr and J. B. Snider, 1996: Recent radar measurements of turbulence and microphysical parameters in marine boundary layer clouds. Atmos. Res., 40, 177-221.

Feingold, G., B. Stevens, W. R. Cotton and A. S. Frisch, 1996: On the relationship between drop in-
cloud residence time and drizzle production in numerically simulated stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci.,53 , 1108-1122.

Frisch, A. S., C. W. Fairall, J. B. Snider and D. H. Lenschow, 1997: Ground Based Cloud Radar and Radiometer Methods for Measuring Stratus Cloud Parameters. NOAA/CSU Cloud Process Modeling and Measurement Workshop, Boulder, Colorado, 23-25 October, 1995, 189-197

Gossard, E. R., J. B. Snider, E. Clothiaux, B. Martner, J. S. Gibson, R. A. Kropfli and A. S. Frisch, 1997. The Potential of 8-mm radars for remotely sensing cloud drop size distributions. Proceedings of the ETL/CSU cloud-related process modeling and measurement workshop, Boulder, Colorado, 23-25 October, 1995, 109-148.

Feingold, G., A. S. Frisch, B. Stevens, and W. R. Cotton, 1997: Drizzling stratocumulus as viewed by radar, radiometer and lidar. 12th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, American Meteorological Society. Vancouver, B. C. 28 July-1 August 1997, 62-63.

Matrosov, S. Y., A. S. Frisch, R. A. Kropfli, and B. E. Martner, 1998. Prospective Methods for Retrieving Cloud Parameters Using Radar Measurements. Proceedings of Workshop on Cloud, Aerosol, and Radiation Budget Measurements from Space and Their Sciences. Earth Science and Technology Organization. Hakone, Japan, March 12-13.

Frisch, A. S., G. Feingold, C. W. Fairall, and J. B. Snider, 1998. On cloud Radar and microwave radiometer measurements of cloud liquid water. Proceedings of the Eighth ARM Science Team Meeting, Tucson, AZ.

Feingold, G. A. S. Frisch, B. Stevens, and W. R. Cotton, 1998: The Stratocumulus-Capped Boundary Layer as viewed by K-band Radar, Microwave Radiometer and Lidar. J. Atmos. Sci. , submitted.

5. Current and Pending Support

5.1	C. W. Fairall

CURRENT

PI: C. Fairall, seven Co-I's.

C. Fairall person months: 2 mo./yr

Source: Dept. Energy ARM, DE-AL02-92ER61366

Title: Shipboard measurements of cloud-radiative properties in the tropical western Pacific - The Nauru-99 experiment

Amount: $1,260,00 for FY98-00

PI: C. Fairall, 2 Co-Is.

C. Fairall person months: 2 mo./yr

Source: Office of Naval Research, N00014-96-F-0011

Title: Parameterization of air-sea fluxes for high wind conditions

Amount: $235,000 for FY98-00

PI: T. Uttal, 1 Co-I's.

C. Fairall person months: 1 mo./yr

Source: NSF ARCSS-SHEBA, OPP 95-04254

Title: Deployment of surface-based active remote sensors during SHEBA

Amount: $425,000 for FY97-99

PI: C. Fairall, 1 Co-I's.

C. Fairall person months: 3 mo./yr

Source: NSF ARCSS-SHEBA, OPP 95-0

Title: Measuring and parameterizing atmospheric surface fluxes during SHEBA

Amount: $238,000 for FY97-99

PI: C. Fairall, 1 Co-I.

C. Fairall person months: 2 mo./yr

Source: NOAA Climate and Global Change OACES Program

Title: Towards a definitive determination of air-sea gas exchange

Amount: $174,000 for FY98-99

PENDING SUPPORT

PI: P. Webster, 4 Co-I's.

C. Fairall person months: 1 mo./yr

Source: NSF

Title: JASMINE, the Joint Air-Sea Monsoon Interaction Experiment: A pilot shipboard study of air-sea fluxes and precipitation.

Amount: $850,000 for FY99-01

5.2	A. S. Frisch

CURRENT

PI: C. Fairall, seven Co-I's.

A. S. Frisch person months: 2 mo./yr

Source: Dept. Energy ARM, DE-AL02-92ER61366

Title: Shipboard measurements of cloud-radiative properties in the tropical western Pacific - The Nauru-99 experiment

Amount: $1,260,00 for FY98-00

PI: A. S. Frisch

A. S. Frisch person months: 3 mo./yr

Source: Dept. Energy ARM, DE-AI03-97ER62342

Title: Proposal to retrieve stratocumulus and altocumulus cloud parameters from a cloud radar and microwave radiometer at the CART sites.

Amount: $141,000 for FY97-99