ETL Air-Sea Interaction Group Field Programs

PLATFORM	DAYS AT SEA	EXPERIMENT	DATE	LOCATION
R/V Ron Brown	45	EPIC01	Aug.-Sep. 2001	Tropical E. Pacific
R/V Ron Brown	35	GASEX01	April 2001	Tropical C. Pacific
R/V Ron Brown	35	PACJET	February 2001	US West Coast
R/V Ron Brown	35	PACS/EPIC*	November 1999	Tropical E. Pacific 95W
R/V Ron Brown	30	Moorings	October 1999	Gulf Alaska
R/V Ron Brown	60	TRMM/Kwajex	July-Sept 1999	Tropical W. Pacific
R/V Ron Brown	35	Nauru99	June-July 1999	Tropical W. Pacific
R/V Ron Brown	40	JASMINE	May 1999	Bay of Bengal
R/V Ron Brown	35	GASEX98	June 1998	North Atlantic of Portugal
Des Groseilliers	340	SHEBA	Oct.97-Sep.98	Beaufort Sea
R/V Knorr	40	FASTEX	January 1997	North Atlantic storm track
Metpost Noordwijck	35	ASGAMAGE	October 1996	North Sea off Holland
R/V Discoverer	30	Combined Sensor Program	April 1996	Tropical W. Pacific
R/P Flip	20	COPE	September 1995	Pacific off Oregon
M/V Snowgoose	25	COPE	September 1995	Pacific off Oregon
R/P Flip	15	MBLARI -Monterey	June 1995	Pacific off California
R/V Wecoma	30	MBLARI-Monterey	March 1995	Pacific off OR & CA
Unattended Sea Mast	60	MBLARI- RASEX	April 1994

October 1994	North Sea off Denmark
R/V Glorita	25	MAST	June 1994	Pacific off California
R/V Titan	15	SCOPE	September 1993	Pacific off California
R/P Flip	15	SCOPE	September 1993	Pacific off California
R/V Moana Wave	70	TOGA COARE	November 1992	Tropical W. Pacific
R/V Malcom Baldridge	30	ASTEX	June 1992	Atlantic off Azores
Ice Camp	35	LEADEX	March 1992	Arctic Ocean off Alaska
R/V Moana Wave	35	TIWE	November 1991	Tropical C. Pacific
R/V Wecoma	30	COARE Pilot	February 1990	Tropical W. Pacific

BOLD implies processed flux data are available in easy-to-use summarized form (ascii or matlab files). Note, format varies with project.

*2 cruises per year for five years.

BACKGROUND ON MEASUREMENTS

*System development began in 1984

*Early work emphasized inertial-dissipation method

*Direct covariance (ship motion-corrected) first made in TIWE (1991)

GPS, gyrocompass, and 'strapdown' angular rate/acceleration sensors

3rd generation system under development

*Basic instruments:

Sonic Anemometer/Thermometer (Kaijo Denki, ATI, Gill)

IR fast hygrometer (Ohir, Oak Ridge)

Aspirated mean T/RH, Solar and IR fluxes, precip.

Floating near-surface ocean T (sea-snake)

Many cruises include:

Rawinsondes

Laser ceilometer (cloud base height)

Doppler wind profiler (boundary-layer inversion height)

A few cruises do NOT include covariance fluxes

Edson et al., 1998: Direct covariance flux estimates from mobile platforms at sea. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 15, 547-562.

Fairall et al., Integrated ship board measurements of the marine boundary layer. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 14, 338-359

SUMMARY OF ETL EQUATORIAL CRUISE FLUXES

Surface flux components in the equatorial Pacific [W/m2]
Exp.	Rns	Rnl	Hs	Hl	Hrain	HWB	HT	Hnet
Pilot	197	-43	-12	-114	-2.5	-4.5	-133	22
TIWE	219	-51	-4	-101	-0.0	-3.9	-108	61
COR-1	222	-58	-7	-88	-0.9	-3.2	-99	65
COR-2	166	-46	-11	-113	-3.8	-4.3	-132	-12
COR-3	190	-51	-10	-109	-2.6	-4.1	-126	13
CSP	225	-48	-6	-107	-2.0	-4.0	-119	59
<X>	204	-49	-8	-105	-2.0	-3.9	-120	35
<X>	8	2	1	3	0.5	0.2	5	11

CALCULATIONS OF CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING

Cloud forcing: C = Rn clear - <Rn>	;Rn is net rad. flux

Cs(S) = Solar cloud forcing at the surface

Cs(S) = Rns clear + HT + <Rnl> + D	from ocean heat budget

R95:	100 = 275 -110 - 45 - 20 W/m2

Kiehl:	100 = 282 -120 - 49 - 13 W/m2

Ave.:	71 = 275 -120 - 49 - 35 = 275 - 204

Summary from Stratocumulus Regions

Surface flux cloud forcing in stratocumulus regimes.
Exp.	Rns	Rnl	HT	Hnet	Rnsc	Rnlc	Cs	Cl
ASTEX	242	-71	-85	86	330	-120	88	-50
Calif.	204	-72	-65	63	290	-130	86	-60
Ave.	223	-71	-75	75	310	-125	87	-55

Cs + Cl = Rnsc + Rnlc + HT +D

87 - 55 = 310 - 125 -75 - 75 = 32 W/m2